Naturalism was not easily embraced, and those who maintained its philosophies were often alone.īest known for his California novels, McTeague (1899), and The Octopus (1901), he has found a resurgence in California studies. His work joins that of Zola and Thomas Hardy (Europe) and Theodore Dreiser and Stephen Crane (United States), addressing themes of inevitable misery, commonplace corruption and vice, unsympathetic poverty, and unchallenged prostitution, racism, and violence. Influenced by Émile Zola and determinism, Norris defined naturalism in ways specific to Zola as well as his own writing. During his brief life, Norris wrote essays defining literary naturalism, the genre with which he is most associated, as well as verse and novels. A scant thirty-two years later, he died after fictively returning to Chicago, the setting for his final novel, The Pit (1903). was born on March 5, 1870, in Chicago, Illinois.
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